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the drift from the land

  • 1 the drift from the land

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the drift from the land

  • 2 drift from the land

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > drift from the land

  • 3 drift from the land

    • maaltapako

    English-Finnish dictionary > drift from the land

  • 4 drift from the land

    English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > drift from the land

  • 5 drift

    drift
    1. noun
    1) (a heap of something driven together, especially snow: His car stuck in a snowdrift.) montón
    2) (the direction in which something is going; the general meaning: I couldn't hear you clearly, but I did catch the drift of what you said.) sentido

    2. verb
    1) (to (cause to) float or be blown along: Sand drifted across the road; The boat drifted down the river.) dejarse llevar, moverse empujado
    2) ((of people) to wander or live aimlessly: She drifted from job to job.) vagar, ir sin rumbo, ir a la deriva
    •
    - driftwood
    drift vb flotar / ir con la corriente
    they didn't tie the boat up and it drifted away no amarraron el barco, y se lo llevó la corriente
    tr[drɪft]
    1 (of snow) ventisquero; (of sand) montón nombre masculino
    2 SMALLMARITIME/SMALL (flow of water) deriva; (deviation - of ship) desviación nombre femenino
    3 (movement) movimiento, desplazamiento; (tendency) tendencia; (shift) cambio
    4 (meaning, gist) significado, sentido, idea
    ■ do you get my drift? ¿me entiendes?, ¿entiendes lo que quiero decir?
    5 SMALLGEOLOGY/SMALL (deposits of earth, gravel, rock, etc) terreno de acarreo
    1 (float on water) dejarse llevar por la corriente; (be or go adrift) ir a la deriva, derivar; (float in air) moverse empujado,-a por el viento
    2 (pile up - of snow, sand, leaves, etc) amontonarse
    3 figurative use (person) ir sin rumbo, vivir sin rumbo, vagar; (government) ir a la deriva
    1 (snow, sand, etc) amontonar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to drift apart distanciarse
    to drift off to sleep quedarse dormido,-a
    drift ['drɪft] vi
    1) : dejarse llevar por la corriente, ir a la deriva (dícese de un bote), ir sin rumbo (dícese de una persona)
    2) accumulate: amontonarse, acumularse, apilarse
    1) drifting: deriva f
    2) heap, mass: montón m (de arena, etc.), ventisquero m (de nieve)
    3) meaning: sentido m
    n.
    • cosa llevada por la corriente s.f.
    • deriva s.f.
    • impulso s.m.
    • rumbo s.m.
    • tendencia s.f.
    v.
    • derivar v.
    • destorcer v.
    • ventiscar v.

    I drɪft
    1)
    b) ( be adrift) \<\<boat/person\>\> ir* a la deriva

    to drift apart — \<\<couple/friends\>\> distanciarse

    3) ( pile up) \<\<sand/snow\>\> amontonarse

    II
    1) c ( of sand) montón m; ( of snow) ventisquero m
    2) ( meaning) (no pl) sentido m

    I didn't quite catch your drift — no entendí or capté muy bien lo que querías decir

    3) ( movement)
    [drɪft]
    1. N
    1) (=deviation from course) deriva f ; (=movement) movimiento m ; (=change of direction) cambio m (de dirección)

    the drift from the land — el éxodo rural, la despoblación del campo

    2) * (=meaning) [of questions] significado m

    to catch sb's drift — seguir or entender a algn

    3) (=mass) [of snow] ventisquero m ; [of sand] montón m ; [of clouds, leaves] banco m ; (Geol) morrena f

    continental drift — deriva f continental

    2. VI
    1) (in wind, current) dejarse llevar, ir a la deriva; (=be off course) [boat] ir a la deriva; [person] vagar, ir a la deriva
    2) [snow, sand] amontonarse
    3.
    VT (=carry) impeler, llevar; (=pile up) amontonar
    4.
    CPD

    drift ice N — hielo m flotante

    * * *

    I [drɪft]
    1)
    b) ( be adrift) \<\<boat/person\>\> ir* a la deriva

    to drift apart — \<\<couple/friends\>\> distanciarse

    3) ( pile up) \<\<sand/snow\>\> amontonarse

    II
    1) c ( of sand) montón m; ( of snow) ventisquero m
    2) ( meaning) (no pl) sentido m

    I didn't quite catch your drift — no entendí or capté muy bien lo que querías decir

    3) ( movement)

    English-spanish dictionary > drift

  • 6 drift

    A n
    1 (flow, movement) the drift of the current le sens du courant ; to be carried downstream by the drift of the current être emporté en aval par le courant ; the drift of events fig le cours des événements ; the drift from the land l'exode m rural ; the drift of refugees to the border l'afflux m des réfugiés à la frontière ; the slow drift of strikers back to work le lent retour des grévistes au travail ;
    2 ( ocean current) also Geol dérive f ; North Atlantic drift dérive nord-atlantique ;
    3 ( deviation) ( of projectile) dérivation f ; (of ship, plane) dérive f ;
    4 ( mass) ( of snow) congère f ; (of leaves, sand) tas m, amoncellement m ; (of smoke, mist) nuage m, traînée f ; the rain/snow was falling in drifts il y avait des bourrasques de pluie/de neige ;
    5 ( general meaning) sens m (général) ; to catch the drift of sb's argument comprendre où quelqu'un veut en venir ; I don't catch ou follow your drift je ne comprends pas où vous voulez en venir ; get the drift ○ ? tu piges ○ ? ;
    6 Geol ( glacial deposit) drift m, sédiments mpl glaciaires ;
    7 ( in mining) galerie f en allongement ;
    8 Ling évolution f ;
    9 Elec, Radio dérive f.
    B vi
    1 (be carried by tide, current) [boat] dériver ; ( by wind) [balloon] voler à la dérive ; [smoke, fog] flotter ; to drift out to sea dériver vers le large ; to drift off course [boat] dériver hors-cap ; [plane] dériver hors de route ; to drift downstream être emporté or entraîné en aval par le courant ; to drift onto the rocks s'échouer sur les rochers ; clouds drifted across the sky des nuages traversaient le ciel ; mist was drifting in from the sea il y avait de la brume qui venait de la mer ; voices drifted into the garden des voix parvenaient dans le jardin ;
    2 ( pile up) [snow] former des congères fpl ; [leaves] s'amonceler ; drifting snow des bourrasques fpl de neige ; drifted snow des congères ;
    3 to drift along [person] lit flâner ; fig se laisser aller ; to drift around ou about the house traîner sans but dans la maison ; the strikers are drifting back to work les grévistes retournent progressivement au travail ; to drift into/out of the room entrer dans une/sortir d'une pièce d'un pas nonchalant ; to drift from job to job passer d'un emploi à un autre ; to drift from town to town errer de ville en ville ; to drift through life errer sans but dans la vie ; the country is drifting towards recession/war le pays glisse vers la récession/la guerre ; I'm content to let things drift je me borne à laisser les événements suivre leur cours ;
    4 fig ( stray) to drift into teaching/publishing se retrouver dans l'enseignement/l'édition ; to drift into crime/prostitution sombrer dans la criminalité/la prostitution ; the conversation drifted onto politics la conversation a dérivé vers la politique.
    ■ drift apart [friends, couple, lovers] se détacher progressivement (from de) ; we have drifted apart nous sommes moins proches qu'avant.
    ■ drift away [crowd, spectators] s'éloigner (from de) ; fig [person] ( from belief etc) s'éloigner progressivement (from de).
    1 ( doze off) s'assoupir ;
    2 ( leave) s'en aller lentement.

    Big English-French dictionary > drift

  • 7 ♦ drift

    ♦ drift /drɪft/
    n.
    1 cumulo, mucchio ( di neve, foglie secche, ecc.): Progress was difficult owing to huge drifts of snow, era difficile avanzare a causa di enormi cumuli di neve
    2 distesa non ordinata ( di fiori): drifts of daffodils, distese non ordinate di narcisi
    3 (fig.) spostamento, flusso: the drift of young people to the city, il flusso dei giovani verso la città; the drift from the land, l'esodo dalle campagne
    4 (fig.) tendenza, inclinazione: International trade shows a general drift towards stagnation, il commercio internazionale mostra una generale tendenza al ristagno
    5 [u] significato, senso: Did you catch (o get, make out) the drift of what he said?, hai colto il senso del suo discorso?; The general drift was that we will all have to make sacrifices, il senso generale era che dovremo fare tutti dei sacrifici; (fam.) if you catch my drift, non so se mi spiego, se mi capisci
    6 [u] movimento, flusso ( della corrente): The boat was taken out to sea by the drift of the tide, la barca è stata portata al largo dal flusso della marea; (geol.) continental drift, la deriva dei continenti
    7 [u] (naut.) percorso (o velocità: di una corrente)
    8 [u] (fig.) inerzia, deriva: There was a sense of drift throughout the organization, c'era un senso di deriva in tutta l'organizzazione; to be in a state of drift, sentirsi alla deriva
    9 [u] (geol.) detriti ( glaciali o di spiaggia); materiale alluvionale
    10 (autom.) slittamento: four-wheel drift, slittamento sulle quattro ruote
    11 (fig.) slittamento: (econ.) wage drift, slittamento salariale
    15 (geogr.) corrente marina ( lenta): the North Atlantic drift, la corrente dell'Atlantico settentrionale
    16 [u] (naut., aeron.) scarroccio; deriva: drift angle, angolo di deriva
    ● (naut.) drift anchor, ancora di deriva □ ( oceanografia) drift bottle, bottiglia alla deriva □ (naut.) drift current, corrente di deriva □ drift ice, banchi di ghiaccio alla deriva □ (aeron., naut.) drift indicator (o drift meter), derivometro □ drift net, rete (da pesca) alla deriva; tramaglio □ (autom.) drift racing, «drifting» (tecnica di guida che consiste nel fare assumere in curva alle ruote posteriori un diverso angolo di deriva rispetto a quelle anteriori) □ a drift of smoke, uno sbuffo di fumo.
    (to) drift /drɪft/
    v. i.
    1 (naut.) scarrocciare; (naut., aeron.) andare alla deriva; lasciarsi trasportare dalla corrente: The boat drifted ashore, la barca è stata portata a riva dalla corrente; to drift down a river, lasciarsi portare dalla corrente di un fiume; The boat drifted along peacefully, la barca avanzava tranquillamente trasportata dalla corrente; drifting mine, mina vagante
    2 (fig.) lasciarsi andare alla deriva, andare avanti per inerzia: After finishing university, he just drifted, dopo aver finito l'università, si è lasciato andare alla deriva; You can't keep drifting along like this, you need a purpose, non puoi continuare ad andare avanti così per inerzia, hai bisogno di uno scopo preciso; to drift from job to job, vagare da un lavoro all'altro senza uno scopo preciso
    3 accumularsi, ammucchiarsi ( per l'azione del vento, ecc.): The snow had drifted and many roads were impassable, la neve si era accumulata e molte strade erano impraticabili
    4 vagare; spostarsi (lentamente o distrattamente): clouds drifting in the sky, nuvole che vagano nel cielo; Smoke drifted upwards in the still air, il fumo saliva lentamente nell'aria immobile; The audience started drifting in, il pubblico ha cominciato ad affluire lentamente; People were drifting from stall to stall enjoying the sunshine, la gente passeggiava da una bancarella all'altra godendosi il sole; The country was drifting into chaos, il paese scivolava lentamente nel caos; Her gaze kept drifting away from her book, il suo sguardo continuava a staccarsi dal libro e a vagare; The boy's attention drifted away, il ragazzo si è distratto; His thoughts drifted idly as he lay on the warm sand, la sua mente vagava liberamente mentre se ne stava disteso sulla sabbia calda; to drift in and out of consciousness, uscire per brevi attimi dallo stato di incoscienza
    5 – to drift up (o upwards) salire gradualmente; to drift down (o downwards) scendere gradualmente; Prices are drifting up, i prezzi stanno salendo gradualmente; Temperatures should start to drift downwards over the next few days, le temperature dovrebbero cominciare a scendere gradualmente nei prossimi giorni; ( Borsa, fin.) to drift lower, scivolare: Oils drifted somewhat lower yesterday, le azioni petrolifere sono scivolate alquanto ieri
    7 ( radio, TV) perdere la frequenza: The radio kept drifting from the station, la radio continuava a perdere la frequenza della stazione
    ● to let things drift, lasciare che le cose vadano per il loro verso.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ drift

  • 8 drift

    drift [drɪft]
    (a) (float → on water) aller à la dérive, dériver; (→ in current, wind) être emporté; Aviation dériver;
    ∎ Nautical to drift off course dévier de son cap;
    ∎ the boat drifted downstream le bateau descendait le fleuve à la dérive ou à vau-l'eau;
    ∎ the clouds drifted les nuages étaient poussés par le vent;
    ∎ mist drifted in from the sea il y avait de la brume qui venait de la mer;
    ∎ the smell of cooking drifted up from the restaurant des odeurs de cuisine montaient du restaurant;
    ∎ the sound of music drifted up from the garden on entendait de la musique qui montait du jardin
    (b) (sand, snow) s'amonceler, s'entasser;
    ∎ some snow had drifted in through the open door de la neige s'était infiltrée par la porte ouverte
    (c) (move aimlessly) marcher nonchalamment;
    ∎ people began to drift in/out les gens commençaient à entrer/sortir d'un pas nonchalant;
    ∎ the audience started to drift towards the exit les spectateurs se dirigeaient lentement vers la sortie;
    ∎ figurative the conversation drifted from one topic to another la conversation passait d'un sujet à un autre;
    ∎ he just drifts along, he drifts through life il se laisse porter par les événements;
    ∎ to drift apart (friends) se perdre de vue; (couple) se séparer petit à petit;
    ∎ he drifted into a life of crime il a sombré dans la délinquance
    (d) Electronics se décaler
    (a) (of current) entraîner, charrier; (of wind) emporter, pousser
    (b) (of sand, snow) amonceler, entasser
    3 noun
    (a) (flow) mouvement m, force f; (of air, water) poussée f;
    ∎ the drift of the current took us southwards le courant nous a emportés vers le sud;
    ∎ the drift of the tide (speed) la vitesse de la marée; (direction) le sens de la marée;
    ∎ figurative the drift from the land l'exode m rural, la migration vers la ville;
    ∎ population drift mouvement m de population;
    ∎ the drift towards war la dérive vers la guerre;
    ∎ Geography the North Atlantic Drift le courant nord-atlantique
    (b) (of leaves, sand) amoncellement m, entassement m; (of fallen snow) amoncellement m, congère f; (of falling snow) rafale f, bourrasque f; (of clouds) traînée f; (of dust, mist) nuage m; Geology (deposits) apports mpl
    (c) Aviation & Nautical (of plane, ship) dérivation f; (of missile) déviation f; (deviation from course) dérive f
    (d) Electronics déviation f
    (e) (trend) tendance f;
    ∎ the drift back towards the classics le retour aux classiques
    (f) (meaning) sens m, portée f;
    ∎ do you get my drift? voyez-vous où je veux en venir?;
    ∎ familiar I get the/your drift je pige
    (g) Linguistics évolution f (d'une langue)
    (h) Mining galerie f chassante
    ►► Nautical drift anchor ancre f flottante;
    drift ice (UNCOUNT) glaces fpl flottantes ou en dérive;
    Fishing drift net filet m dérivant
    (fall asleep) s'assoupir;
    ∎ I drifted off for a while je me suis assoupi quelques instants

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > drift

  • 9 drift

    drift [drɪft]
    (on sea, river) dériver ; (in wind/current) être emporté (par le vent/le courant) ; [snow, sand] s'amonceler
    • to drift away/out/back [person] partir/sortir/revenir d'une allure nonchalante
    2. noun
       a. [of fallen snow] congère f
    * * *
    [drɪft] 1.
    1) (flow, movement)

    the drift of events — fig le cours des événements

    2) ( of snow) congère f; (of leaves, sand) tas m; (of smoke, mist) nuage m
    3) ( general meaning) sens m (général)
    2.
    1) ( be carried by current) dériver; ( by wind) [balloon] voler à la dérive; [smoke, fog] flotter
    2) ( pile up) [snow] former des congères fpl; [leaves] s'amonceler
    3)

    to drift along — [person] lit flâner; fig se laisser aller

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-French dictionary > drift

  • 10 drift

    1. noun
    1) (flow, steady movement) Wanderung, die
    2) (fig.): (trend, shift, tendency) Tendenz, die
    3) (flow of air or water) Strömung, die
    4) (Naut., Aeronaut.): (deviation from course) Abdrift, die (fachspr.)
    5) (of snow or sand) Verwehung, die
    6) (fig.): (gist, import) das Wesentliche

    get or catch the drift of something — etwas im Wesentlichen verstehen

    2. intransitive verb
    1) (be borne by current; fig.): (move passively or aimlessly) treiben; [Wolke:] ziehen

    drift into crime — in die Kriminalität [ab]driften

    drift into unconsciousness — in Bewusstlosigkeit versinken

    2) (coll.): (come or go casually)

    drift out — abziehen (ugs.)

    3) (form drifts) zusammengeweht werden

    drifting sand — Treibsand, der

    * * *
    [drift] 1. noun
    1) (a heap of something driven together, especially snow: His car stuck in a snowdrift.) das Treiben
    2) (the direction in which something is going; the general meaning: I couldn't hear you clearly, but I did catch the drift of what you said.) die Richtung
    2. verb
    1) (to (cause to) float or be blown along: Sand drifted across the road; The boat drifted down the river.) treiben
    2) ((of people) to wander or live aimlessly: She drifted from job to job.) sich treiben lassen
    •
    - academic.ru/22395/drifter">drifter
    - driftwood
    * * *
    [drɪft]
    I. vi
    1. (be moved) treiben; mist, fog, clouds ziehen; balloon schweben
    we let ourselves \drift downstream wir ließen uns flussabwärts treiben
    to \drift out to sea aufs offene Meer hinaustreiben
    2. (move aimlessly) [ziellos] herumwandern
    after the meeting, people \drifted away in twos and threes nach der Versammlung schlenderten die Leute in Zweier- und Dreiergrüppchen davon
    3. (progress casually) sich akk treiben lassen
    she just seems to \drift from one boyfriend to another sie scheint von einer Beziehung in die nächste zu schlittern
    the talk \drifted aimlessly from one subject to another man kam vom Hundertsten ins Tausendste
    to \drift into crime in die Kriminalität abdriften
    to \drift into a situation in eine Situation hineingeraten
    to \drift with the tide mit dem Strom schwimmen
    4. (pile up) Verwehungen bilden, angeweht werden
    snow had \drifted against the garage door vor der Garagentür war Schnee angeweht worden
    5. FIN prices leicht nachgeben, schwächer notieren
    cotton prices \drifted in the first quarter Baumwollpreise gaben im ersten Quartal leicht nach
    II. n
    1. (slow movement) Strömen nt
    the \drift of unemployed youth der Zustrom arbeitsloser Jugendlicher
    \drift from the land Landflucht f
    2. (slow trend) Tendenz f, Strömung f, Trend m
    downward \drift Abwärtstrend m
    the downward \drift in copper prices der Preisverfall bei Kupfer
    3. (mass) Wehe f, Verwehung f
    \drift of snow Schneewehe f, Schneeverwehung f
    \drift of sand Sandwehe f, Haufen m Flugsand
    4. (central meaning) Kernaussage f; (train of thought) Gedankengang m
    to catch [or follow] [or get] sb's \drift verstehen, was jd sagen will
    * * *
    [drɪft]
    1. vi
    1) (NAUT, AVIAT snow) treiben; (sand) wehen; (RAD) verschwimmen

    to drift off course —

    rally drivers have a technique of drifting round corners — Rallyefahrer haben eine Technik, sich durch Kurven tragen zu lassen

    2) (fig person) sich treiben lassen

    he drifted into marriage/crime — er schlitterte in die Ehe/in eine kriminelle Laufbahn hinein

    he was drifting aimlessly along (in life etc) — er lebte planlos in den Tag hinein, er ließ sich plan- und ziellos treiben

    2. vt
    treiben; (wind) snow also vor sich her treiben
    3. n
    1) (of air, water current) Strömung f

    the drift of the current (speed) — die (Stärke der) Strömung; (direction) die Strömung(srichtung)

    2) (= mass caused by drifting of sand, fallen snow) Verwehung f; (of leaves) Haufen m
    3) (of ship, aircraft) (Ab)drift f, Abweichung f
    4) (GEOL: deposits) Geschiebe nt
    5)

    (= tendency) the drift towards the cities — der Drang in die Städte

    6) (= general meaning of questions) Richtung f, Tendenz f

    I caught the drift of what he said — ich verstand, worauf er hinauswollte

    if you get my drift — wenn Sie mich richtig verstehen

    7) (LING) Tendenz f
    * * *
    drift [drıft]
    A s
    1. Treiben n
    2. FLUG, SCHIFF Abtrift f, Abtrieb m, (Kurs)Versetzung f
    3. Ballistik: Seitenabweichung f
    4. GEOG Drift(strömung) f (im Meer)
    5. (Strömungs)Richtung f
    6. fig
    a) Strömung f, Tendenz f, Lauf m, Richtung f:
    drift away from allmähliches Abgehen von
    b) Absicht f:
    the drift of what he said was er meinte oder sagen wollte, worauf er hinauswollte
    c) Gedankengang m:
    if I get ( oder catch) your drift wenn ich Sie richtig verstehe
    d) Sinn m, Bedeutung f
    7. etwas Dahingetriebenes, besonders
    a) Treibholz n
    b) Treibeis n
    c) Wolkenfetzen pl
    d) (Schnee) Gestöber n
    8. (Schnee) Verwehung f, (Schnee-, Sand) Wehe f
    9. → driftage 2
    10. GEOL Geschiebe n
    11. Abwanderung f:
    12. fig
    a) treibende Kraft
    b) (bestimmender) Einfluss
    13. fig (Sich)Treibenlassen n, Ziellosigkeit f
    14. TECH
    a) Lochräumer m, -hammer m
    b) Austreiber m, Dorn m
    c) Punzen m, Durchschlag m
    15. Bergbau: Strecke f, Stollen m
    B v/i
    1. auch fig getrieben werden, treiben ( beide:
    into in einen Krieg etc):
    drift apart sich auseinanderleben;
    a) abwandern,
    b) sich entfernen ( from von);
    let things drift den Dingen ihren Lauf lassen
    2. ( besonders ziellos) (herum)wandern
    3. fig sich (willenlos) treiben lassen
    4. fig gezogen werden, geraten ( beide:
    into in akk):
    he drifted into a marriage er schlitterte in eine Ehe
    5. sich häufen, Verwehungen bilden:
    drifting sand Flugsand m
    C v/t
    1. (dahin)treiben, (-)tragen
    2. wehen
    3. aufhäufen, zusammentreiben
    4. TECH ein Loch ausdornen
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (flow, steady movement) Wanderung, die
    2) (fig.): (trend, shift, tendency) Tendenz, die
    3) (flow of air or water) Strömung, die
    4) (Naut., Aeronaut.): (deviation from course) Abdrift, die (fachspr.)
    5) (of snow or sand) Verwehung, die
    6) (fig.): (gist, import) das Wesentliche

    get or catch the drift of something — etwas im Wesentlichen verstehen

    2. intransitive verb
    1) (be borne by current; fig.): (move passively or aimlessly) treiben; [Wolke:] ziehen

    drift into crime — in die Kriminalität [ab]driften

    2) (coll.): (come or go casually)

    drift out — abziehen (ugs.)

    3) (form drifts) zusammengeweht werden

    drifting sand — Treibsand, der

    * * *
    n.
    Abdrift -e f. v.
    abweichen v.
    treiben v.
    (§ p.,pp.: trieb, getrieben)

    English-german dictionary > drift

  • 11 drift

    I [drɪft]
    1) (flow, movement)

    the drift of the current — il moto o il movimento della corrente

    the drift of events — fig. il corso degli eventi

    the drift from the land — la fuga o l'esodo dalle campagne

    2) (of ship, plane) deriva f.
    3) (mass) (of snow, leaves, sand) cumulo m., mucchio m.; (of smoke, mist) nuvola f.
    4) (general meaning) senso m. generale, tenore m.
    II [drɪft]
    1) (be carried by tide, current) [ boat] essere trasportato dalla corrente, andare alla deriva; (by wind) [ balloon] andare, volare alla deriva; [smoke, fog] essere trasportato dal vento
    2) (pile up) [snow, leaves] accumularsi, ammucchiarsi
    3)

    to drift along — [ person] bighellonare; fig. andare avanti senza preoccuparsi

    to drift around o about the house gironzolare per casa; to drift from job to job passare da un lavoro all'altro; the country is drifting towards war — il paese sta scivolando verso la guerra

    •
    * * *
    [drift] 1. noun
    1) (a heap of something driven together, especially snow: His car stuck in a snowdrift.) mucchio, cumulo
    2) (the direction in which something is going; the general meaning: I couldn't hear you clearly, but I did catch the drift of what you said.) senso
    2. verb
    1) (to (cause to) float or be blown along: Sand drifted across the road; The boat drifted down the river.) trasportare, lasciarsi trasportare
    2) ((of people) to wander or live aimlessly: She drifted from job to job.) spostarsi
    •
    - driftwood
    * * *
    I [drɪft]
    1) (flow, movement)

    the drift of the current — il moto o il movimento della corrente

    the drift of events — fig. il corso degli eventi

    the drift from the land — la fuga o l'esodo dalle campagne

    2) (of ship, plane) deriva f.
    3) (mass) (of snow, leaves, sand) cumulo m., mucchio m.; (of smoke, mist) nuvola f.
    4) (general meaning) senso m. generale, tenore m.
    II [drɪft]
    1) (be carried by tide, current) [ boat] essere trasportato dalla corrente, andare alla deriva; (by wind) [ balloon] andare, volare alla deriva; [smoke, fog] essere trasportato dal vento
    2) (pile up) [snow, leaves] accumularsi, ammucchiarsi
    3)

    to drift along — [ person] bighellonare; fig. andare avanti senza preoccuparsi

    to drift around o about the house gironzolare per casa; to drift from job to job passare da un lavoro all'altro; the country is drifting towards war — il paese sta scivolando verso la guerra

    •

    English-Italian dictionary > drift

  • 12 drift

    drɪft
    1. сущ.
    1) а) уст. гон, сгон( кого-л. куда-л.) ;
    сбор, созыв Syn: propulsion, impulse, impetus б) стадо, табун;
    уст. стая птиц;
    уст. пчелиный рой;
    редк. толпа (людей, куда-л. направляющаяся) To think of carrying off a drift of my neighbour's sheep. ≈ Подумать, а не угнать ли стадо овец у моего соседа. Syn: drove, herd, flock в) дорога для перегона скота
    2) поток( в разных смыслах), течение, притечение There is a steady low-class labour drift into London. ≈ Имеется стабильный поток неквалифицированного рабочего класса в Лондон. The drift in the sea is different from the current in that it affect only upper layers of water. ≈ Морской поток отличается от течения тем, что перемещаются лишь верхние слои воды. drift-bottle
    3) а) мор. дрейф, снос корабля с курса под влиянием течений;
    мор. дрифтерная сеть (особый вид рыболовной сети) б) авиац. снос, скорость сноса в) зоол. снос стай перелетных птиц из-за ветров г) авто юз, занос When Fangio puts his Maserati or Ferrari into a corner in a four-wheel drift. ≈ Когда Фанхио входит на своей Мазерати или Феррари в поворот с заносом на обе оси. д) сдвиг, склонение( артиллерийского снаряда или пули в сторону, в которую он или она закручены) е) эл. бросок напряжения, отклонения от стандартного напряжения ж) линг. дрейф языка (термин Сепира), спонтанные изменения в структуре языка (обычно имеются в виду сдвиги в морфологическом строе)
    4) а) направление, тенденция The general drift of affairs on the Continent. ≈ Общая тенденция в развитии дел на континенте. б) намерение, смысл, стремление The drift of the Maker is dark. ≈ Намерения Создателя неясны. I see the whole drift of your argument. ≈ Я окончательно понял, к чему вы клоните. get the drift Syn: meaning, purpose, intention, object, aim, purport, tenor, scope
    5) о массе чего-л, перемещаемой посредством какой-л. природной силы а) сугроб;
    куча чего бы то ни было, наваленная ветром б) геол. ледниковый нанос, увал Syn: diluvium в) дождь с ветром;
    метель, пурга;
    пылевое облако The city lies, beneath its drift of smoke. ≈ Город лежит, овеваемый собственным дымом. г) плавник( что-л. или масса чего-л., прибитая к берегу волнами)
    6) большая цветочная клумба;
    множество цветущих цветов
    7) а) тех. копер, кувалда( для забивания свай, столбов и т.п.) б) тех. пробойник, расточка, развертка в) шомпол
    8) горн. штрек, горизонтальная выработка
    9) брод (только о бродах на реках в Южной Африке) Syn: ford
    2. гл.
    1) а) относить ветром, течением б) наносить ветром, потоком (в частности, кучи снега, листьев и т.п.), также о любой другой природной силе Beds of sand, which drift like snow. ≈ Песчаные заносы, их наносит так же, как снежные. в) сноситься, смещаться, сдвигаться по ветру, по течению, дрейфовать, тж. перен. Let us drift aside into this teashop. ≈ Давай заглянем в эту чайную. The country slowly drifted into worldwide conflict. ≈ Страна медленно втянулась в международный конфликт. Columns of smoke and ashes which drifted to the south-east. ≈ Столбы пыли и пепла относит на юго-восток. ∙ Our tracks had drifted up. ≈ Наши следы занесло. Syn: float г) заносить( о снеге, песке)
    2) мор. ставить дрифтерную сеть
    3) гнать скот
    4) тех. расширять, пробивать отверстия см. drift
    1. 7а) >
    5) горн. вести горизонтальную разработку. ∙ drift apart drift away drift in drift out drift towards drift together медленное течение;
    медленное перемещение - the * of labour into the city( образное) приток рабочей силы в город - the * from the land (образное) отток людей из деревни /из сельской местности/ - to be on the * дрейфовать;
    плыть по течению( морское) дрейф (авиация) девиация, снос ( авиация) скорость сноса (авиация) угол сноса( военное) деривация( военное) движение облака дыма или отравляющего вещества (радиотехника) уход частоты направление (развития), тенденция - * of affairs ход дел;
    направление развития событий тенденция развития языковой структуры;
    направление языкового развития (подспудный) смысл;
    (скрытая) цель;
    стремление - the * of a speech скрытый смысл речи - I don't catch /get, see, understand/ your * я не понимаю куда вы клоните /к чему вы ведете/ - what's the * off all this? к чему бы это? что бы это могло значить? пассивность;
    бездействие - policy of * политика бездействия перегон (скота) эвакуация раненых (в тыл) (быстро проносящийся) ливень;
    снег, гонимый ветром и т. п. сугроб (снега) ;
    нанос (песка) ;
    куча (листьев и т. п.), нанесенная или наметенная ветром;
    лед, вынесенный морем на берег (геология) моренный материал, делювий;
    ледниковый нанос молевой лесосплав плывущее бревно дрифтерная или плавная сеть( южно-африканское) брод (горное) горизонтальная выработка - main * главный штрек, главная выработка( техническое) упругое последствие( техническое) пробойник относить или гнать (ветром, течением) ;
    сносить - to * logs down the stream сплавлять лес относиться, перемещаться( по ветру, течению) ;
    дрейфовать - to * ashore прибиться к берегу - to * down the stream относиться вниз течением - to * with the current плыть по течению, сплавляться( о лесе и т. п.) - the clouds are *ing across the sky облака плывут по небу изменять состояние - I was slowly *ing into sleep я медленно погружался в сон - the conversation *ed from one subject to another разговор переходил с одной темы на другую( радиотехника) уходить( о частоте) плыть по течению;
    бездействовать;
    полагаться на вою случая - to * through life жить бездумно - to * into war втягиваться /вползать/ в войну - to * into pessimism становиться все более пессимистичным;
    впадать в меланхолию - let things * пусть все идет как шло;
    покоримся судьбе - things are allowed to * все отдались на волю судьбы;
    никто не хочет менять (естественный) ход вещей насыпать( сугробы) ;
    наносить, заносить (снегом и т. п.) - the snow had *ed everywhere все занесло снегом вырастать( о сугробах, наносах и т. п.) (специальное) сплавлять( лес) молем пробивать, расширять или увеличивать отверстие( горное) проводить горизонтальную выработку drift быть пассивным, предоставлять все судьбе;
    to drift into war быть втянутым в войну ~ воен. деривация ~ мор. дрейф;
    ав. девиация, снос;
    скорость сноса ~ дрейф ~ дрифтерная сеть ~ геол. ледниковый нанос ~ медленное течение ~ медленное течение ~ намерение, стремление;
    the drift of a speech смысл речи;
    I don't understand your drift я не понимаю, куда вы клоните ~ наносить ветром, течением ~ направление, тенденция ~ относить ветром, течением;
    относиться, перемещаться по ветру, течению;
    дрейфовать ~ пассивность;
    the policy of drift политика бездействия или самотека ~ тех. расширять, пробивать отверстия;
    drift apart разойтись (тж. перен.) ;
    drift together сблизиться ~ сдвиг ~ скопляться кучами( о снеге, песке и т. п.) ~ снос ~ сугроб (снега) ;
    куча (песка, листьев и т. п.), нанесенная ветром ~ уход ~ горн. штрек, горизонтальная выработка ~ тех. расширять, пробивать отверстия;
    drift apart разойтись (тж. перен.) ;
    drift together сблизиться drift быть пассивным, предоставлять все судьбе;
    to drift into war быть втянутым в войну ~ намерение, стремление;
    the drift of a speech смысл речи;
    I don't understand your drift я не понимаю, куда вы клоните ~ of parameter вчт. уход параметра ~ тех. расширять, пробивать отверстия;
    drift apart разойтись (тж. перен.) ;
    drift together сблизиться ~ with use дрейф характеристик в процессе эксплуатации frequency ~ уход частоты ~ намерение, стремление;
    the drift of a speech смысл речи;
    I don't understand your drift я не понимаю, куда вы клоните level ~ дрейф уровня loop ~ дрейф петли гистерезиса ~ пассивность;
    the policy of drift политика бездействия или самотека upward ~ тенденция к повышению wage ~ отклонение фактической заработной платы от расчетных ставок warm-up ~ тепловое смещение

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > drift

  • 13 drift

    1. [drıft] n
    1. медленное течение; медленное перемещение

    the drift of labour into the city - образн. приток рабочей силы в город

    the drift from the land - образн. отток людей из деревни /из сельской местности/

    to be on the drift - а) дрейфовать, б) плыть по течению

    2. мор. дрейф
    3. ав.
    1) девиация, снос
    2) скорость сноса
    3) угол сноса
    4. воен.
    1) деривация
    2) движение облака дыма или отравляющего вещества
    5. радио уход частоты
    6. 1) направление (развития); тенденция

    drift of affairs - ход дел; направление развития событий

    2) лингв. тенденция развития языковой структуры; направление языкового развития
    7. (подспудный) смысл; (скрытая) цель; стремление

    I don't catch /get, see, understand/ your drift - я не понимаю, куда вы клоните /к чему вы ведёте/

    what's the drift of all this? - к чему бы это?; что бы это могло значить?

    8. пассивность; бездействие
    9. перегон ( скота)
    10. эвакуация раненых ( в тыл)
    11. (быстро проносящийся) ливень; снег, гонимый ветром и т. п.
    12. 1) сугроб ( снега); нанос ( песка); куча (листьев и т. п.), нанесённая или наметённая ветром; лёд, вынесенный морем на берег
    2) геол. моренный материал, делювий; ледниковый нанос
    13. 1) молевой лесосплав
    2) плывущее бревно
    14. дрифтерная или плавная сеть
    15. южно-афр. брод
    16. горн. горизонтальная выработка

    main drift - главный штрек, главная выработка

    17. тех. упругое последствие
    18. тех. пробойник
    2. [drıft] v
    1. 1) относить или гнать (ветром, течением); сносить
    2) относиться, перемещаться (по ветру, течению); дрейфовать

    to drift with the current - плыть по течению: сплавляться (о лесе и т. п.)

    3) изменять состояние

    the conversation drifted from one subject to another - разговор переходил с одной темы на другую

    4) радио уходить ( о частоте)
    2. плыть по течению; бездействовать; полагаться на волю случая:

    to drift into war - втягиваться /вползать/ в войну

    to drift into pessimism - становиться всё более пессимистичным; впадать в меланхолию

    let things drift - пусть всё идёт, как шло; ≅ покоримся судьбе

    things are allowed to drift - ≅ все отдались на волю судьбы никто не хочет менять (естественный) ход вещей

    3. 1) насыпать ( сугробы); наносить, заносить (снегом и т. п.)
    2) вырастать (о сугробах, наносах и т. п.)
    4. спец. сплавлять ( лес) молем
    5. пробивать, расширять или увеличивать отверстие
    6. горн. проводить горизонтальную выработку

    НБАРС > drift

  • 14 drift

    [drɪft] vi
    1) ( be moved) treiben; mist, fog, clouds ziehen; balloon schweben;
    we let ourselves \drift downstream wir ließen uns flussabwärts treiben;
    to \drift out to sea aufs offene Meer hinaustreiben
    2) ( move aimlessly) [ziellos] herumwandern;
    after the meeting, people \drifted away in twos and threes nach der Versammlung schlenderten die Leute in Zweier- und Dreiergrüppchen davon
    3) ( progress casually) sich akk treiben lassen;
    she just seems to \drift from one boyfriend to another sie scheint von einer Beziehung in die nächste zu schlittern;
    the talk \drifted aimlessly from one subject to another man kam vom Hundertsten ins Tausendste;
    to \drift into crime in die Kriminalität abdriften;
    to \drift into a situation in eine Situation hineingeraten;
    to \drift with the tide mit dem Strom schwimmen
    4) ( pile up) Verwehungen bilden, angeweht werden;
    snow had \drifted against the garage door vor der Garagentür war Schnee angeweht worden n
    1) ( slow movement) Strömen nt;
    the \drift of unemployed youth der Zustrom arbeitsloser Jugendlicher;
    \drift from the land Landflucht f
    2) ( slow trend) Tendenz f, Strömung f, Trend m;
    downward \drift Abwärtstrend m;
    the downward \drift in copper prices der Preisverfall bei Kupfer
    3) ( mass) Wehe f, Verwehung f;
    \drift of snow Schneewehe f, Schneeverwehung f;
    \drift of sand Sandwehe f, Haufen m Flugsand
    4) ( central meaning) Kernaussage f; ( train of thought) Gedankengang m;
    to catch [or follow] [or get] sb's \drift verstehen, was jd sagen will

    English-German students dictionary > drift

  • 15 land

    lænd
    1. noun
    1) (the solid part of the surface of the Earth which is covered by the sea: We had been at sea a week before we saw land.) tierra
    2) (a country: foreign lands.) tierra
    3) (the ground or soil: He never made any money at farming as his land was poor and stony.) terreno, tierras
    4) (an estate: He owns land/lands in Scotland.) tierras

    2. verb
    1) (to come or bring down from the air upon the land: The plane landed in a field; They managed to land the helicopter safely; She fell twenty feet, but landed without injury.) aterrizar
    2) (to come or bring from the sea on to the land: After being at sea for three months, they landed at Plymouth; He landed the big fish with some help.) desembarcar
    3) (to (cause to) get into a particular (usually unfortunate) situation: Don't drive so fast - you'll land (yourself) in hospitalouble!) acabar; ir a parar
    •

    (a type of strong motor vehicle used for driving over rough ground.)

    - landing-gear
    - landing-stage
    - landlocked
    - landlord
    - landmark
    - land mine
    - landowner
    - landslide
    - landslide victory
    - landslide
    - landslide defeat
    - land up
    - land with
    - see how the land lies
    land1 n tierra
    land2 vb aterrizar / tomar tierra
    tr[lænd]
    1 (gen) tierra
    2 (soil) suelo, tierra
    3 (country, region) tierra
    1 (plane etc) aterrizar, tomar tierra; (bird) posarse
    2 (disembark) desembarcar
    3 (fall) caer
    1 (plane etc) hacer aterrizar
    2 (disembark) desembarcar; (unload) descargar
    3 (fish) sacar del agua
    4 familiar (get) conseguir
    5 familiar (hit) asestar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    land ahoy! ¡tierra a la vista!
    the land of milk and honey la tierra de la leche y la miel
    to be in the land of the living estar entre los vivos
    to get landed with something familiar (tener que) cargar con algo
    to land on one's feet caer de pies
    to make a living from the land vivir de la tierra
    to make land llegar a tierra
    to see how the land lies tantear el terreno
    farm land tierras nombre femenino plural de cultivo
    land agent SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL encargado,-a de una granja, cortijero,-a
    land forces SMALLMILITARY/SMALL ejército de tierra
    land mass masa continental
    land reform reforma agraria
    land register registro de la propiedad
    native land tierra natal, patria
    land ['lænd] vt
    1) : desembarcar (pasajeros de un barco), hacer aterrizar (un avión)
    2) catch: pescar, sacar (un pez) del agua
    3) gain, secure: conseguir, ganar
    to land a job: conseguir empleo
    4) deliver: dar, asestar
    he landed a punch: asestó un puñetazo
    land vi
    1) : aterrizar, tomar tierra, atracar
    the plane just landed: el avión acaba de aterrizar
    the ship landed an hour ago: el barco atracó hace una hora
    2) alight: posarse, aterrizar
    to land on one's feet: caer de pie
    land n
    1) ground: tierra f
    dry land: tierra firme
    2) terrain: terreno m
    3) nation: país m, nación f
    4) domain: mundo m, dominio m
    the land of dreams: el mundo de los sueños
    adj.
    • agrario, -a adj.
    • terrestre adj.
    n.
    • país s.m.
    • suelo s.m.
    • terreno s.m.
    • tierra s.f.
    v.
    • aterrar v.
    • aterrizar (Aeronáutica) v.
    • desembarcar v.
    lænd
    I
    1) u
    a) ( Geog) tierra f

    to know the lie o lay of the land — saber* qué terreno se pisa

    to see how the land lies — tantear el terreno

    to spy out the land — reconocer* el terreno; (before n) <animal, defenses> de tierra, terrestre

    land forces — fuerzas fpl terrestres or de tierra

    b) (ground, property) tierra f

    a plot of land — un terreno, una parcela; (before n)

    land registry — registro m catastral, catastro m

    land reform — reforma f agraria

    c) ( Agr)
    2) c (country, realm) (liter) país m, nación f; ( kingdom) reino m

    to be in the land of Nod — estar* dormido

    to be in the land of the living — (hum) estar* vivito y coleando (hum)


    II
    1.
    1)
    a) (Aerosp, Aviat) \<\<aircraft/spaceship/pilot\>\> aterrizar*; ( on the moon) alunizar*; ( on water) acuatizar*; ( on sea) amarizar*, amerizar*, amarar
    b) ( fall) caer*
    2) (arrive, end up) (colloq) ir* a parar (fam)
    3) ( Naut) \<\<ship\>\> atracar*; \<\<traveleroops\>\> desembarcar*

    2.
    vt
    1)
    a) ( from sea) \<\<passengersoops\>\> desembarcar*; \<\<cargo\>\> descargar*
    b) ( from air) \<\<plane\>\> hacer* aterrizar; \<\<troops\>\> desembarcar*; \<\<supplies\>\> descargar*
    2)
    a) ( in fishing) \<\<fish\>\> sacar* del agua
    b) (win, obtain) \<\<contract\>\> conseguir*; \<\<job/husband\>\> conseguir*, pescar* (fam)
    c) ( strike home) (colloq) \<\<punch\>\> asestar (fam)
    3) ( burden) (colloq)

    to land somebody WITH something/somebody, to land something/somebody ON somebody — endilgarle* or encajarle algo/a alguien a alguien (fam)

    4) ( cause to end up) (colloq)

    to land somebody IN something: that venture landed her in prison con aquel negocio fue a parar a la cárcel (fam); to land somebody/oneself in trouble — meter a alguien/meterse en problemas (fam)

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [lænd]
    1. N
    1) (=not sea) tierra f

    land ho, land ahoy! — ¡tierra a la vista!

    • to goavel by land — ir/viajar por tierra

    • dry land — tierra f firme

    • to make land — (Naut) tomar tierra

    • there was action at sea, on land, and in the air — se combatió en mar, tierra y aire

    • to sight land — divisar tierra

    2) (Agr, Constr) (=ground) tierra f, tierras fpl

    • agricultural land — tierra(s) f(pl) agrícola(s), terreno m agrícola

    • grazing land — tierra(s) f(pl) de pastoreo, tierra(s) f(pl) para pastos

    • the lay or lie of the land — (lit) la configuración del terreno

    • a piece/ plot of land — un terreno, una parcela

    • the land — (Agr) la tierra

    to work on the land — trabajar or cultivar la tierra

    - see how the land lies
    arable 1.
    3) (=property) tierras fpl

    get off my land! — ¡fuera de mis tierras!

    4) (Geog) (=region)

    • desert/ equatorial/ temperate lands — tierras fpl desérticas/ecuatoriales/templadas

    5) (=nation, country) país m

    a land of opportunity/contrasts — un país de oportunidades/contrastes

    - be in the land of the living
    - be in the Land of Nod
    fantasy, native 3., promise 2., 1)
    2. VI
    1) (after flight) [plane] aterrizar; (on water) amerizar, amarizar; (on moon) alunizar

    • to land on sth — [bird, insect] posarse en algo

    2) (from boat) [passenger] desembarcar
    3) (after fall, jump, throw) caer

    to land on one's feet — (lit) caer de pie; (fig) salir adelante

    4) * (also: land up) (in prison, hospital) ir a parar * (in a); acabar (in en)

    he landed in hospital — fue a parar al hospital *, acabó en el hospital

    3. VT
    1) (=disembark, unload) [+ passengers] desembarcar; [+ cargo] descargar
    2) (=bring down) [+ plane] hacer aterrizar
    3) (=catch) [+ fish] pescar, conseguir pescar; (fig) [+ job, contract] conseguir; [+ prize] obtener
    4) *
    a) (=put, dump)

    • to land a blow on sb's chin, land sb a blow on the chin — asestar a algn un golpe en la barbilla

    • they landed the children on me — me endilgaron or endosaron a los niños *

    b)

    • to land sb in sth, his comments landed him in court — sus comentarios hicieron que acabara en los tribunales, sus comentarios hicieron que fuera a parar a los tribunales *

    to land sb in it * — fastidiar or jorobar a algn pero bien *

    to land o.s. in trouble — meterse en problemas

    c) (=encumber)

    • to land sb with sth/sb — endilgar algo/a algn a algn *, endosar algo/a algn a algn *

    I got landed with the job — me endilgaron or endosaron el trabajo *

    how did you land yourself with all these debts? — ¿cómo acabaste tan endeudado?

    4.
    CPD

    land agent N — administrador(a) m / f de fincas

    land defences NPL — defensas fpl de tierra

    land forces NPL — fuerzas fpl de tierra

    land management N — administración f de fincas

    land reclamation N — reclamación f de tierras

    land reform N — reforma f agraria

    land register, land registry N — (Brit) catastro m, registro m catastral, registro m de la propiedad inmobiliaria

    Land Rover ® N — (Aut) (vehículo m) todo terreno m

    land tax N — contribución f territorial

    land use N — uso m de la tierra

    LAND OF HOPE AND GLORY
    Land of Hope and Glory es el título de una canción patriótica británica. Para muchos ciudadanos, sobre todo en Inglaterra, es un símbolo más del país, casi como el himno o la bandera nacional. Se suele entonar al final del congreso anual del Partido Conservador y en la última noche de los Proms, junto con otras conocidas canciones patrióticas.
    See:
    * * *
    [lænd]
    I
    1) u
    a) ( Geog) tierra f

    to know the lie o lay of the land — saber* qué terreno se pisa

    to see how the land lies — tantear el terreno

    to spy out the land — reconocer* el terreno; (before n) <animal, defenses> de tierra, terrestre

    land forces — fuerzas fpl terrestres or de tierra

    b) (ground, property) tierra f

    a plot of land — un terreno, una parcela; (before n)

    land registry — registro m catastral, catastro m

    land reform — reforma f agraria

    c) ( Agr)
    2) c (country, realm) (liter) país m, nación f; ( kingdom) reino m

    to be in the land of Nod — estar* dormido

    to be in the land of the living — (hum) estar* vivito y coleando (hum)


    II
    1.
    1)
    a) (Aerosp, Aviat) \<\<aircraft/spaceship/pilot\>\> aterrizar*; ( on the moon) alunizar*; ( on water) acuatizar*; ( on sea) amarizar*, amerizar*, amarar
    b) ( fall) caer*
    2) (arrive, end up) (colloq) ir* a parar (fam)
    3) ( Naut) \<\<ship\>\> atracar*; \<\<traveler/troops\>\> desembarcar*

    2.
    vt
    1)
    a) ( from sea) \<\<passengers/troops\>\> desembarcar*; \<\<cargo\>\> descargar*
    b) ( from air) \<\<plane\>\> hacer* aterrizar; \<\<troops\>\> desembarcar*; \<\<supplies\>\> descargar*
    2)
    a) ( in fishing) \<\<fish\>\> sacar* del agua
    b) (win, obtain) \<\<contract\>\> conseguir*; \<\<job/husband\>\> conseguir*, pescar* (fam)
    c) ( strike home) (colloq) \<\<punch\>\> asestar (fam)
    3) ( burden) (colloq)

    to land somebody WITH something/somebody, to land something/somebody ON somebody — endilgarle* or encajarle algo/a alguien a alguien (fam)

    4) ( cause to end up) (colloq)

    to land somebody IN something: that venture landed her in prison con aquel negocio fue a parar a la cárcel (fam); to land somebody/oneself in trouble — meter a alguien/meterse en problemas (fam)

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > land

  • 16 land

    1. noun
    1) no pl., no indef. art. (solid part of the earth) Land, das

    by land — auf dem Landweg

    on land — zu Lande; (not in air) auf dem Boden; (not in or on water) an Land

    2) no indef. art. (expanse of country) Land, das

    see how the land lies — (fig.) herausfinden, wie die Dinge liegen; see also academic.ru/42780/lie">lie II 1. 1)

    3) no pl., no indef. art. (ground for farming or building, property) Land, das

    live off the land — sich von dem ernähren, was das Land hergibt

    4) (country) Land, das

    the greatest in the land — der/die Größte im ganzen Land

    2. transitive verb
    1) (set ashore) [an]landen [Truppen, Passagiere, Waren, Fang]
    2) (Aeronaut.) landen [[Wasser]flugzeug]
    3) (bring into a situation)

    land oneself in trouble — sich in Schwierigkeiten bringen; sich (Dat.) Ärger einhandeln (ugs.)

    land somebody in [the thick of] it — jemanden [ganz schön] reinreiten (salopp)

    4) (deal) landen [Schlag]
    5) (burden)

    land somebody with something, land something on somebody — jemandem etwas aufhalsen (ugs.)

    be landed with somebody/something — jemanden auf dem Hals haben (ugs.) /etwas aufgehalst bekommen (ugs.)

    6)

    land a fish — einen Fisch an Land ziehen

    7) (fig.): (succeed in obtaining) an Land ziehen (ugs.)
    3. intransitive verb
    1) [Boot usw.:] anlegen, landen; [Passagier:] aussteigen ( from aus)
    2) (Aeronaut.) landen; (on water) [auf dem Wasser] aufsetzen

    be about to land — zur Landung angesetzt haben; gerade landen

    3) (alight) landen; [Ball:] aufkommen

    land on one's feet — auf den Füßen landen; (fig.) [wieder] auf die Füße fallen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    [lænd] 1. noun
    1) (the solid part of the surface of the Earth which is covered by the sea: We had been at sea a week before we saw land.) das Land
    2) (a country: foreign lands.) das Land
    3) (the ground or soil: He never made any money at farming as his land was poor and stony.) das Land
    4) (an estate: He owns land/lands in Scotland.) das Land
    2. verb
    1) (to come or bring down from the air upon the land: The plane landed in a field; They managed to land the helicopter safely; She fell twenty feet, but landed without injury.) landen
    2) (to come or bring from the sea on to the land: After being at sea for three months, they landed at Plymouth; He landed the big fish with some help.) landen
    3) (to (cause to) get into a particular (usually unfortunate) situation: Don't drive so fast - you'll land (yourself) in hospital/trouble!) in Schwierigkeiten etc. bringen
    •

    [-rouvə]

    (a type of strong motor vehicle used for driving over rough ground.) der Landrover

    - landing
    - landing-gear
    - landing-stage
    - landlocked
    - landlord
    - landmark
    - land mine
    - landowner
    - landslide
    - landslide victory
    - landslide
    - landslide defeat
    - land up
    - land with
    - see how the land lies
    * * *
    [lænd]
    I. n
    1. no pl (not water) Land nt
    to have dry \land under one's feet festen Boden unter den Füßen haben
    to sight \land Land sichten
    to travel by \land auf dem Landweg reisen
    on \land an Land
    2. no pl also AGR (ground) Land nt; (soil) Boden m
    building \land Bauland nt
    agricultural [or arable] [or farm] \land Ackerland nt, landwirtschaftliche Nutzfläche[n] f[pl] fachspr
    piece/plot of \land (for building) Grundstück nt; (for farming) Stück nt Land
    waste \land Brachland nt, Ödland nt fachspr
    to live off the \land von selbsterwirtschafteten Produkten leben
    to work [on] [or to farm] the \land Ackerbau treiben
    3. no pl (countryside)
    ▪ the \land das Land
    to move back to the \land zurück aufs Land ziehen
    4. (particular area of ground) Grundstück nt
    ▪ \lands pl (real estate) Grundbesitz m; (extensive estates) Ländereien pl
    get off my \land! verschwinden Sie von meinem Grundstück!
    building \land Baugründstück nt
    private \land Privatbesitz m
    state \land[s] AM staatlicher Grundbesitz
    5. (country, region) Land nt; ( fig: world) Welt f
    to live in a fantasy \land in einer Fantasiewelt leben
    the L\land of the Midnight Sun das Land der Mitternachtssonne
    the L\land of the Rising Sun das Land der aufgehenden Sonne
    6. AM ( euph: Lord)
    for \land's sake um Gottes Willen
    7. TECH (in a gun) Feld nt fachspr
    8.
    ▶ to be in the \land of the living ( hum) unter den Lebenden sein [o geh weilen] hum
    ▶ the \land of [or flowing with] milk and honey das Land, wo Milch und Honig fließt
    ▶ to be in the L\land of Nod BRIT ( dated) im Land der Träume sein
    ▶ to see [or find out] how the \land lies die Lage sondieren [o peilen
    II. n modifier
    1. MIL (attack, manoeuvre) Boden-
    2. also AGR (soil) (excavation) Boden-
    3. (real estate) (law, price, purchase) Grundstücks-
    \land agent BRIT Grundstücksmakler(in) m(f)
    \land property Grundbesitz m
    \land registry Grundbuchamt nt
    4. (not water) (crab, wind) Land-
    III. vi
    1. AVIAT, AEROSP landen
    to \land on the moon auf dem Mond landen
    to come in to \land zur Landung ansetzen
    2. NAUT vessel anlegen, anlanden; people an Land gehen
    ▪ to \land in/on sth in/auf etw dat landen
    the bird escaped from the cat and \landed safely on the garden fence der Vogel entkam der Katze und landete sicher auf dem Gartenzaun
    the plates \landed on the ground with a loud crash die Teller landeten mit einem lauten Knall auf dem Boden
    to \land on one's feet auf den Füßen landen; ( fig) [wieder] auf die Füße fallen fig
    to \land on the floor [or ground] auf dem Boden landen
    to \land on a square (in games) auf einem Feld landen
    ▪ to \land outside sth außerhalb einer S. gen landen
    the ball \landed outside the line der Ball landete außerhalb der Linie
    4. (hit) blow, punch sitzen
    if his punch had \landed... wenn sein Schlag getroffen hätte...
    5. ( fam: end up, arrive) landen fam
    why do the difficult translations always \land on my desk? warum landen die schwierigen Übersetzungen immer auf meinem Tisch? fam
    this report \landed on my desk this morning dieser Bericht landete heute Morgen auf meinem Tisch fam
    IV. vt
    1. (bring onto land)
    to \land an aircraft [or a plane] ein Flugzeug landen
    to \land a boat ein Boot an Land ziehen
    to \land a fish einen Fisch an Land ziehen
    to \land a plane on water mit einem Flugzeug auf dem Wasser landen, ein Flugzeug wassern fachspr
    2. (unload)
    ▪ to \land sth etw an Land bringen
    to \land a cargo eine Ladung löschen
    to \land fish [at the port] Fisch anlanden
    to \land passengers Passagiere von Bord [gehen] lassen
    to \land troops Truppen anlanden
    3. ( fam: obtain)
    ▪ to \land sth contract, offer, job etw an Land ziehen fig fam
    to \land oneself a good job sich dat einen guten Job angeln fam
    4. ( fam: burden)
    ▪ to \land sb with sth jdm etw aufhalsen fam
    I've been \landed with the job of sorting out his mistakes ich habe es aufgehalst bekommen, seine Fehler auszubügeln fam
    ▪ to be \landed with sb jdn am Hals haben fam
    5. ( fam: place)
    ▪ to \land sb in sth jdn in etw akk bringen
    she was arrested and \landed in jail sie wurde verhaftet und ins Gefängnis gesteckt fam
    that could have \landed you in jail deswegen hättest du im Gefängnis landen können fam
    the demonstration \landed some of the protesters in jail einige Demonstranten wurden während der Kundgebung in Haft genommen
    you've really \landed me in it! da hast du mich aber ganz schön reingeritten! fam
    to \land sb in bankruptcy jdn Bankrott machen
    to \land sb in serious trouble jdn in ernsthafte Schwierigkeiten bringen
    6.
    ▶ to \land oneself/sb in hot [or deep] water sich selbst/jdn in große Schwierigkeiten bringen
    * * *
    [lnd]
    1. n
    1) (= not sea) Land nt

    as they approached land — als sie sich dem Land näherten

    to see how the land lies (lit) — das Gelände erkunden or auskundschaften; (fig) die Lage sondieren or peilen

    until I've seen the lay or lie of the land (fig) for land's sake ( US inf ) —, inf ) um Himmels willen

    See:
    2) (= nation, region also fig) Land nt
    3) (as property) Grund und Boden m; (= estates) Ländereien pl

    she's bought a piece of land — sie hat ein Stück Land or (for building) ein Grundstück gekauft

    4) (AGR) Land nt; (= soil) Boden m
    2. vt
    1) (NAUT) passengers absetzen, von Bord gehen lassen; troops landen; goods an Land bringen, löschen; fish at port anlanden; boat an Land ziehen

    he landed the boat on the beach — er zog das Boot an den Strand

    2) (AVIAT) passengers absetzen, von Bord gehen lassen; troops landen; goods abladen

    to land a plane —

    3) fish on hook an Land ziehen
    4) (inf: obtain) kriegen (inf); contract sich (dat) verschaffen; prize (sich dat) holen (inf); job an Land ziehen (inf)

    she finally landed him — sie hat sich (dat) ihn schließlich geangelt (inf)

    5) (Brit inf) blow landen (inf)

    he landed him one, he landed him a punch on the jaw — er versetzte ihm or landete bei ihm einen Kinnhaken

    6) (inf: place) bringen

    like that will land you in trouble/jail — bei einem solchen Betragen wirst du noch mal Ärger bekommen/im Gefängnis landen

    it landed me in a mess — dadurch bin ich in einen ganz schönen Schlamassel (inf) geraten or gekommen

    buying the house landed him in debt — durch den Kauf des Hauses verschuldete er sich

    being overdrawn could land you with big bank charges — wenn man sein Konto überzieht, kann einen das hohe Bankgebühren kosten

    7) (inf

    = lumber) to land sb with sth — jdm etw aufhalsen (inf) or andrehen

    I got landed with the job — man hat mir die Arbeit aufgehalst (inf)

    3. vi
    1) (from ship) an Land gehen
    2) (AVIAT) landen; (bird, insect) landen, sich setzen
    3) (= fall, be placed, strike) landen

    to land on one's feet (lit) — auf den Füßen landen; (fig) auf die Füße fallen

    * * *
    land [lænd]
    A s
    1. Land n (Ggs Meer, Wasser, Luft):
    by land zu Land(e), auf dem Landweg(e);
    by land and sea zu Wasser und zu Lande;
    a) die Lage peilen umg,
    b) sich einen Überblick verschaffen;
    make land SCHIFF
    a) Land sichten,
    b) das (Fest)Land erreichen
    2. Land n, Boden m
    3. Land n (Ggs Stadt):
    back to the land zurück aufs Land
    4. JUR
    a) Land-, Grundbesitz m, Grund m und Boden m
    b) pl Ländereien pl, Güter pl
    5. Land n, Staat m, Volk n, Nation f:
    Land of Enchantment US (Beiname für den Staat) New Mexico n;
    Land of Opportunity US (Beiname für den Staat) Arkansas n;
    6. WIRTSCH natürliche Reichtümer pl (eines Landes)
    7. fig Land n, Gebiet n, Reich n:
    the land of dreams das Reich oder Land der Träume;
    the land of the living das Diesseits; → milk A 1, nod C 2
    8. Feld n (zwischen den Zügen des Gewehrlaufs)
    B v/i
    1. FLUG landen, SCHIFF auch anlegen
    2. oft land up landen, (an)kommen:
    land in a ditch in einem Graben landen;
    land up in prison im Gefängnis landen;
    land second SPORT an zweiter Stelle landen
    3. umg einen Schlag oder Treffer landen:
    a) bei jemandem einen Treffer landen,
    b) fig es jemandem geben umg
    C v/t
    1. Personen, Güter, ein Flugzeug landen:
    land goods Güter ausladen (SCHIFF auch löschen)
    2. einen Fisch etc an Land ziehen
    he was landed in the mud er landete im Schlamm
    4. jemanden bringen:
    land o.s. ( oder be landed) in trouble in Schwierigkeiten geraten oder kommen;
    land sb in trouble jemanden in Schwierigkeiten bringen
    5. land sb with sth, land sth onto sb umg jemandem etwas aufhalsen
    6. umg einen Schlag oder Treffer landen, anbringen:
    he landed him one er knallte ihm eine, er verpasste ihm eins oder ein Ding
    7. umg jemanden, etwas kriegen, erwischen:
    land a husband sich einen Mann angeln;
    land a prize sich einen Preis holen, einen Preis ergattern
    8. land sb sth umg jemandem etwas einbringen
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) no pl., no indef. art. (solid part of the earth) Land, das

    on land — zu Lande; (not in air) auf dem Boden; (not in or on water) an Land

    2) no indef. art. (expanse of country) Land, das

    see how the land lies — (fig.) herausfinden, wie die Dinge liegen; see also lie II 1. 1)

    3) no pl., no indef. art. (ground for farming or building, property) Land, das

    live off the land — sich von dem ernähren, was das Land hergibt

    4) (country) Land, das

    the greatest in the land — der/die Größte im ganzen Land

    2. transitive verb
    1) (set ashore) [an]landen [Truppen, Passagiere, Waren, Fang]
    2) (Aeronaut.) landen [[Wasser]flugzeug]

    land oneself in trouble — sich in Schwierigkeiten bringen; sich (Dat.) Ärger einhandeln (ugs.)

    land somebody in [the thick of] it — jemanden [ganz schön] reinreiten (salopp)

    4) (deal) landen [Schlag]

    land somebody with something, land something on somebody — jemandem etwas aufhalsen (ugs.)

    be landed with somebody/something — jemanden auf dem Hals haben (ugs.) /etwas aufgehalst bekommen (ugs.)

    6)
    7) (fig.): (succeed in obtaining) an Land ziehen (ugs.)
    3. intransitive verb
    1) [Boot usw.:] anlegen, landen; [Passagier:] aussteigen ( from aus)
    2) (Aeronaut.) landen; (on water) [auf dem Wasser] aufsetzen

    be about to land — zur Landung angesetzt haben; gerade landen

    3) (alight) landen; [Ball:] aufkommen

    land on one's feet — auf den Füßen landen; (fig.) [wieder] auf die Füße fallen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    adj.
    landen adj. n.
    Boden ¨-- m.
    Bundesland n.
    Festland -¨er n.
    Land ¨-er n. v.
    landen v.

    English-german dictionary > land

  • 17 drift

    n
    1) направление развития, тенденция
    2) сдвиг; смещение; отклонение

    - wage drift
    - drift from the land
    - drift of labour
    - drift of scientists abroad
    - drift upward

    English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > drift

  • 18 the

    abandon the takeoff
    прекращать взлет
    abeam the left pilot position
    на левом траверзе
    abeam the right pilot position
    на правом траверзе
    abort the flight
    прерывать полет
    abort the takeoff
    прерывать взлет
    above the glide slope
    выше глиссады
    absorb the shock energy
    поглощать энергию удара
    accelerate the rotor
    раскручивать ротор
    accelerate to the speed
    разгонять до скорости
    adhere to the flight plan
    придерживаться плана полета
    adhere to the track
    придерживаться заданного курса
    adjust the cable
    регулировать трос
    adjust the compass
    устранять девиацию компаса
    adjust the engine
    регулировать двигатель до заданных параметров
    adjust the heading
    корректировать курс
    advice to follow the controller's advance
    выполнять указание диспетчера
    affect the regularity
    влиять на регулярность
    affect the safety
    влиять на безопасность
    align the aircraft
    устанавливать воздушное судно
    align the aircraft with the center line
    устанавливать воздушное судно по оси
    align the aircraft with the runway
    устанавливать воздушное судно по оси ВПП
    alter the heading
    менять курс
    amplify the signal
    усиливать сигнал
    apparent drift of the gyro
    кажущийся уход гироскопа
    apply the brake
    применять тормоз
    approach the beam
    приближаться к лучу
    approve the limitations
    утверждать ограничения
    approve the tariff
    утверждать тариф
    area of coverage of the forecasts
    район обеспечения прогнозами
    arrest the development of the stall
    препятствовать сваливанию
    arrive over the aerodrome
    прибывать в зону аэродрома
    assess the damage
    определять стоимость повреждения
    assess the distance
    оценивать расстояние
    assess the suitability
    оценивать пригодность
    assume the control
    брать управление на себя
    attain the power
    достигать заданной мощности
    attain the speed
    развивать заданную скорость
    at the end of
    в конце цикла
    at the end of segment
    в конце участка
    (полета) at the end of stroke
    в конце хода
    (поршня) at the ground level
    на уровне земли
    at the start of cycle
    в начале цикла
    at the start of segment
    в начале участка
    (полета) avoid the obstacle
    избегать столкновения с препятствием
    backward movement of the stick
    взятие ручки на себя
    balance the aircraft
    балансировать воздушное судно
    balance the control surface
    балансировать поверхность управления
    balance the propeller
    балансировать воздушный винт
    bear on the accident
    иметь отношение к происшествию
    before the turbine
    перед турбиной
    below the glide slope
    ниже глиссады
    below the landing minima
    ниже посадочного минимума
    bend the cotterpin ends
    загибать усики шплинта
    be off the track
    уклоняться от заданного курса
    be on the level on the hour
    занимать эшелон по нулям
    block the brake
    ставить на тормоз
    boundary of the area
    граница зоны
    brake the propeller
    стопорить воздушный винт
    break the journey
    прерывать полет
    bring the aircraft back
    возвращать воздушное судно
    bring the aircraft out
    выводить воздушное судно из крена
    by altering the heading
    путем изменения курса
    cage the gyroscope
    арретировать гироскоп
    calibrate the compass
    списывать девиацию компаса
    calibrate the indicator
    тарировать прибор
    calibrate the system
    тарировать систему
    calibrate the tank
    тарировать бак
    cancel the drift
    парировать снос
    cancel the flight
    отменять полет
    cancel the forecast
    аннулировать сообщенный прогноз
    cancel the signal
    прекращать подачу сигнала
    capture the beam
    захватывать луч
    carry out a circuit of the aerodrome
    выполнять круг полета над аэродромом
    carry out the flight
    выполнять полет
    center the autopilot
    центрировать автопилот
    center the wiper
    центрировать щетку
    change the frequency
    изменять частоту
    change the pitch
    изменять шаг
    change the track
    изменять линию пути
    check the reading
    проверять показания
    chop the power
    внезапно изменять режим
    circle the aerodrome
    летать по кругу над аэродромом
    clean the aircraft
    убирать механизацию крыла воздушного судна
    clean up the crack
    зачищать трещину
    clearance of the aircraft
    разрешение воздушному судну
    clearance over the threshold
    безопасная высота пролета порога
    clear for the left-hand turn
    давать разрешение на левый разворот
    clear the aircraft
    давать разрешение воздушному судну
    clear the obstacle
    устранять препятствие
    clear the point
    пролетать над заданной точкой
    clear the runway
    освобождать ВПП
    climb on the course
    набирать высоту при полете по курсу
    close the buckets
    закрывать створки
    close the circuit
    замыкать цепь
    close the flight
    заканчивать регистрацию на рейс
    come clear of the ground
    отрываться от земли
    commence the flight
    начинать полет
    commence the landing procedure
    начинать посадку
    compare the readings
    сравнивать показания
    compensate the compass
    устранять девиацию компаса
    compensate the error
    списывать девиацию
    compile the accident report
    составлять отчет об авиационном происшествии
    complete the circuit
    закольцовывать
    complete the flight
    завершать полет
    complete the flight plan
    составлять план полета
    complete the turn
    завершать разворот
    compute the visual range
    вычислять дальность видимости
    conditions beyond the experience
    условия, по сложности превосходящие квалификацию пилота
    conditions on the route
    условия по заданному маршруту
    considering the obstacles
    учет препятствий
    construct the procedure
    разрабатывать схему
    containerize the cargo
    упаковывать груз в контейнере
    continue operating on the fuel reserve
    продолжать полет на аэронавигационном запасе топлива
    continue the flight
    продолжать полет
    continue the takeoff
    продолжать взлет
    contribute towards the safety
    способствовать повышению безопасности
    control the aircraft
    управлять воздушным судном
    control the pitch
    управлять шагом
    convert the frequency
    преобразовывать частоту
    convey the information
    передавать информацию
    correct the trouble
    устранять отказ
    correspond with the operating minima
    соответствовать эксплуатационному минимуму
    counteract the rotor torque
    уравновешивать крутящий момент несущего винта
    coverage of the chart
    картографируемый район
    cover the route
    пробегать по полному маршруту
    crosscheck the readings
    сверять показания
    cross the airway
    пересекать авиатрассу
    data on the performance
    координаты характеристики
    decelerate in the flight
    гасить скорость в полете
    decelerate the aircraft to
    снижать скорость воздушного судна до
    decrease the deviation
    уменьшать величину отклонения от курса
    decrease the pitch
    уменьшать шаг
    decrease the speed
    уменьшать скорость
    de-energize the bus
    обесточивать шину
    define the failure
    определять причины отказа
    deflate the tire
    ослаблять давление в пневматике
    deflect the control surface
    отклонять поверхность управления
    (напр. элерон) delay the turn
    затягивать разворот
    delimit the runway
    обозначать границы ВПП
    delimit the taxiway
    обозначать границы рулежной дорожки
    delineate the runway
    очерчивать границы ВПП
    delineate the taxiway
    обозначать размеры рулежной дорожки
    deliver the baggage
    доставлять багаж
    deliver the clearance
    передавать разрешение
    denote the obstacle
    обозначать препятствие
    denoting the obstacle
    обозначение препятствия
    depart from the rules
    отступать от установленных правил
    departure from the standards
    отклонение от установленных стандартов
    depress the pedal
    нажимать на педаль
    detach the load
    отцеплять груз
    detach the wing
    отстыковывать крыло
    determinate the cause
    устанавливать причину
    determine amount of the error
    определять величину девиации
    determine the delay
    устанавливать время задержки
    determine the extent of damage
    определять степень повреждения
    determine the friction
    определять величину сцепления
    determine the sign of deviation
    определять знак девиации
    detract from the safety
    снижать безопасность
    development of the stall
    процесс сваливания
    deviate from the flight plan
    отклоняться от плана полета
    deviate from the glide slope
    отклоняться от глиссады
    deviate from the heading
    отклоняться от заданного курса
    deviation from the course
    отклонение от заданного курса
    deviation from the level flight
    отклонение от линии горизонтального полета
    discharge the cargo
    снимать груз в контейнере
    disclose the fares
    опубликовывать тарифы
    discontinue the takeoff
    прекращать взлет
    disengage the autopilot
    выключать автопилот
    displace the center-of-gravity
    изменять центровку
    disregard the indicator
    пренебрегать показаниями прибора
    disseminate the forecast
    распространять прогноз
    drain the tank
    сливать из бака
    draw the conclusion
    подготавливать заключение
    drift off the course
    сносить с курса
    drift off the heading
    уходить с заданного курса
    drop the nose
    сваливаться на нос
    duck below the glide path
    резко снижаться относительно глиссады
    ease the aircraft on
    выравнивать воздушное судно
    effect adversely the strength
    нарушать прочность
    (напр. фюзеляжа) elevation of the strip
    превышение летной полосы
    eliminate the cause of
    устранять причину
    eliminate the hazard
    устранять опасную ситуацию
    eliminate the ice formation
    устранять обледенение
    eliminate the source of danger
    устранять источник опасности
    (для воздушного движения) enable the aircraft to
    давать воздушному судну право
    endanger the aircraft
    создавать опасность для воздушного судна
    endange the safety
    угрожать безопасности
    endorse the license
    делать отметку в свидетельстве
    energize the bus
    подавать электропитание на шину
    enforce rules of the air
    обеспечивать соблюдение правил полетов
    engage the autopilot
    включать автопилот
    ensure the adequate provisions
    обеспечивать соответствующие меры предосторожности
    enter the aircraft
    заносить воздушное судно в реестр
    enter the aircraft stand
    заруливать на место стоянки воздушного судна
    enter the airway
    выходить на авиатрассу
    enter the final approach track
    выходить на посадочную прямую
    enter the spin
    входить в штопор
    enter the tariff into force
    утверждать тарифную ставку
    enter the traffic circuit
    входить в круг движения
    enter the turn
    входить в разворот
    entry into the aerodrome zone
    вход в зону аэродрома
    entry into the flare
    входить в этап выравнивания
    erection of the gyro
    восстановление гироскопа
    establish the characteristics
    устанавливать характеристики
    establish the flight conditions
    устанавливать режим полета
    establish the procedure
    устанавливать порядок
    exceeding the stalling angle
    выход на закритический угол атаки
    exceed the stop
    преодолевать упор
    execute the manoeuvre
    выполнять маневр
    execute the turn
    выполнять разворот
    expedite the clearance
    ускорять оформление
    express the altitude
    четко указывать высоту
    extend the agreement
    продлевать срок действия соглашения
    extend the landing gear
    выпускать шасси
    extend the legs
    выпускать шасси
    extreme aft the center-of-gravity
    предельная задняя центровка
    extreme forward the center-of-gravity
    предельная передняя центровка
    eye height over the threshold
    уровень положения глаз над порогом ВПП
    fail into the spin
    срываться в штопор
    fail to follow the procedure
    не выполнять установленную схему
    fail to observe the limitations
    не соблюдать установленные ограничения
    fail to provide the manuals
    не обеспечивать соответствующими инструкциями
    fall into the spin
    срываться в штопор
    feather the propeller
    ставить воздушный винт во флюгерное положение
    file the flight plan
    регистрировать план полета
    first freedom of the air
    первая степень свободы воздуха
    flight inbound the station
    полет в направлении на станцию
    flight outbound the station
    полет в направлении от станции
    flight over the high seas
    полет над открытым морем
    flight under the rules
    полет по установленным правилам
    fly above the weather
    летать над верхней кромкой облаков
    fly at the altitude
    летать на заданной высоте
    fly into the sun
    летать против солнца
    fly into the wind
    летать против ветра
    fly on the autopilot
    летать на автопилоте
    fly on the course
    летать по курсу
    fly on the heading
    летать по курсу
    fly the aircraft
    1. управлять самолетом
    2. пилотировать воздушное судно fly the beam
    лететь по лучу
    fly the circle
    летать по кругу
    fly the glide-slope beam
    летать по глиссадному лучу
    fly the great circle
    летать по ортодромии
    fly the heading
    выполнять полет по курсу
    fly the rhumb line
    летать по локсодромии
    fly under the autopilot
    пилотировать при помощи автопилота
    fly under the supervision of
    летать под контролем
    focus the light
    фокусировать фару
    follow the beam
    выдерживать направление по лучу
    follow the glide slope
    выдерживать глиссаду
    follow up the aircraft
    сопровождать воздушное судно
    forfeit the reservation
    лишать брони
    freedom of the air
    степень свободы воздуха
    fuel the tank
    заправлять бак топливом
    fulfil the conditions
    выполнять условия
    gain the air supremacy
    завоевывать господство в воздухе
    gain the altitude
    набирать заданную высоту
    gain the glide path
    входить в глиссаду
    gain the power
    достигать заданной мощность
    gain the speed
    развивать заданную скорость
    gather the speed
    наращивать скорость
    get into the aerodrome
    приземляться на аэродроме
    get on the course
    выходить на заданный курс
    get the height
    набирать заданную высоту
    give the way
    уступать трассу
    go out of the spin
    выходить из штопора
    govern the application
    регулировать применение
    govern the flight
    управлять ходом полета
    govern the operation
    руководить эксплуатацией
    grade of the pilot licence
    класс пилотского свидетельства
    guard the frequency
    прослушивать частоту
    handle the baggage
    обслуживать багаж
    handle the flight controls
    оперировать органами управления полетом
    have the runway in sight
    четко видеть ВПП
    head the aircraft into wind
    направлять воздушное судно против ветра
    hold on the heading
    выдерживать на заданном курсе
    hold over the aids
    выполнять полет в зоне ожидания
    hold over the beacon
    выполнять полет в режиме ожидания над аэродромом
    hold the aircraft on the heading
    выдерживать воздушное судно на заданном курсе
    hold the brake
    удерживать тормоза
    hold the heading on the compass
    выдерживать курс по компасу
    hold the position
    ожидать на месте
    hold the speed accurately
    точно выдерживать скорость
    hover at the height of
    зависать на высоте
    hovering in the ground effect
    висение в зоне влияния земли
    identify the aerodrome from the air
    опознавать аэродром с воздуха
    identify the aircraft
    опознавать воздушное судно
    identify the center line
    обозначать осевую линию
    impair the operation
    нарушать работу
    impair the safety
    снижать безопасность
    impose the limitations
    налагать ограничения
    in computing the fuel
    при расчете количества топлива
    in conformity with the specifications
    в соответствии с техническими условиями
    increase a camber of the profile
    увеличивать кривизну профиля
    increase the pitch
    увеличивать шаг
    increase the speed
    увеличивать скорость
    indicate the location from the air
    определять местоположение с воздуха
    inherent in the aircraft
    свойственный воздушному судну
    initiate the turn
    входить в разворот
    install in the aircraft
    устанавливать на борту воздушного судна
    install on the aircraft
    монтировать на воздушном судне
    intercept the beam
    выходить на ось луча
    intercept the glide slope
    захватывать луч глиссады
    International Relations Department of the Ministry of Civil Aviation
    Управление внешних сношений Министерства гражданской авиации
    interpretation of the signal
    расшифровка сигнала
    in the case of delay
    в случае задержки
    in the event of a mishap
    в случае происшествия
    in the event of malfunction
    в случая отказа
    introduction of the corrections
    ввод поправок
    issue the certificate
    выдавать сертификат
    jeopardize the flight
    подвергать полет опасности
    judge the safety
    оценивать степень опасности
    keep clear of the aircraft
    держаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного судна
    keep out of the way
    не занимать трассу
    keep tab on the fleet
    вести учет парка
    keep the aircraft on
    выдерживать воздушное судно
    keep the altitude
    выдерживать заданную высоту
    keep the ball centered
    держать шарик в центре
    keep the pace
    выдерживать дистанцию
    keep to the minima
    устанавливать минимум
    kick off the drift
    парировать снос
    kill the landing speed
    гасить посадочную скорость
    landing off the aerodrome
    посадка вне аэродрома
    land into the wind
    выполнять посадку против ветра
    land the aircraft
    приземлять воздушное судно
    latch the pitch stop
    устанавливать на упор шага
    (лопасти воздушного винта) latch the propeller flight stop
    ставить воздушный винт на полетный упор
    lateral the center-of-gravity
    поперечная центровка
    lay the route
    прокладывать маршрут
    lead in the aircraft
    заруливать воздушное судно
    lead out the aircraft
    выруливать воздушное судно
    leave the airspace
    покидать данное воздушное пространство
    leave the altitude
    уходить с заданной высоты
    leave the plane
    выходить из самолета
    leave the runway
    освобождать ВПП
    level the aircraft out
    выравнивать воздушное судно
    lie beyond the range
    находиться вне заданного предела
    line up the aircraft
    выруливать воздушное судно на исполнительный старт
    load the gear
    загружать редуктор
    load the generator
    нагружать генератор
    load the structure
    нагружать конструкцию
    lock the landing gear
    ставить шасси на замки
    lock the landing gear down
    ставить шасси на замок выпущенного положения
    lock the landing gear up
    ставить шасси на замок убранного положения
    lock the legs
    устанавливать шасси на замки выпущенного положения
    longitudinal the center-of-gravity
    продольная центровка
    lose the altitude
    терять высоту
    lose the speed
    терять заданную скорость
    loss the control
    терять управление
    lower the landing gear
    выпускать шасси
    lower the legs
    выпускать шасси
    lower the nose wheel
    опускать носовое колесо
    maintain the aircraft at readiness to
    держать воздушное судно готовым
    maintain the altitude
    выдерживать заданную высоту
    maintain the course
    выдерживать заданный курс
    maintain the flight level
    выдерживать заданный эшелон полета
    maintain the flight procedure
    выдерживать установленный порядок полетов
    maintain the flight watch
    выдерживать заданный график полета
    maintain the flying speed
    выдерживать требуемую скорость полета
    maintain the heading
    выдерживать заданный курс
    maintain the parameter
    выдерживать заданный параметр
    make a complaint against the company
    подавать жалобу на компанию
    make the aircraft airborne
    отрывать воздушное судно от земли
    make the course change
    изменять курс
    make the reservation
    забронировать место
    manipulate the flight controls
    оперировать органами управления полетом
    mark the obstacle
    маркировать препятствие
    mean scale of the chart
    средний масштаб карты
    meet the airworthiness standards
    удовлетворять нормам летной годности
    meet the conditions
    выполнять требования
    meet the specifications
    соблюдать технические условия
    misjudge the distance
    неправильно оценивать расстояние
    modify the flight plan
    уточнять план полета
    monitor the flight
    следить за полетом
    monitor the frequency
    контролировать заданную частоту
    moor the aircraft
    швартовать воздушное судно
    mount on the frame
    монтировать на шпангоуте
    move off from the rest
    страгивать с места
    move the blades to higher
    утяжелять воздушный винт
    move the pedal forward
    давать педаль вперед
    name-code of the route
    кодирование названия маршрута
    neglect the indicator
    не учитывать показания прибора
    note the instrument readings
    отмечать показания приборов
    note the time
    засекать время
    observe the conditions
    соблюдать условия
    observe the instruments
    следить за показаниями приборов
    observe the readings
    наблюдать за показаниями
    obtain the correct path
    выходить на заданную траекторию
    obtain the flying speed
    набирать заданную скорость полета
    obtain the forecast
    получать прогноз
    offer the capacity
    предлагать объем загрузки
    off-load the pump
    разгружать насос
    on the base leg
    выполнил третий разворот
    on the beam
    в зоне действия луча
    on the cross-wind leg
    выполнил первый разворот
    on the down-wind leg
    выполнил второй разворот
    on the eastbound leg
    на участке маршрута в восточном направлении
    on the final leg
    выполнил четвертый разворот
    on the left base leg
    подхожу к четвертому с левым разворотом
    on the speed
    на скорости
    on the upwind leg
    вхожу в круг
    open the buckets
    открывать створки
    open the circuit
    размыкать цепь
    open the door inward outward
    открывать люк внутрь наружу
    operate from the aerodrome
    выполнять полеты с аэродрома
    operate under the conditions
    эксплуатировать в заданных условиях
    overcome the obstacle
    преодолевать препятствие
    overcome the spring force
    преодолевать усилие пружины
    overflying the runway
    пролет над ВПП
    overpower the autopilot
    пересиливать автопилот
    overrun the runway
    выкатываться за пределы ВПП
    overshoot capture of the glide slope
    поздний захват глиссадного луча
    over the territory
    над территорией
    over the top
    над верхней границей облаков
    over the wing
    над крылом
    park in the baggage
    сдавать в багаж
    participation in the investigation
    участие в расследовании
    passing over the runway
    пролет над ВПП
    pass the signal
    пропускать сигнал
    past the turbine
    за турбиной
    perform the service bulletin
    выполнять доработку по бюллетеню
    pick up the signal
    фиксировать сигнал
    pick up the speed
    развивать заданную скорость
    pilot on the controls
    пилот, управляющий воздушным судном
    pitch the nose downward
    опускать нос
    place the aircraft
    устанавливать воздушное судно
    place the flaps in
    устанавливать закрылки
    plane of symmetry of the aeroplane
    плоскость симметрии самолета
    plot the aircraft
    засекать воздушное судно
    potential hazard to the safe
    потенциальная угроза безопасности
    power the bus
    включать шину
    present the minimum hazard
    представлять минимальную опасность
    preserve the clearance
    сохранять запас высоты
    pressurize the bearing
    уплотнять опору подачей давления
    produce the signal
    выдавать сигнал
    profitability over the route
    эффективность маршрута
    prolongation of the rating
    продление срока действия квалификационной отметки
    properly identify the aircraft
    точно опознавать воздушное судно
    protect the circuit
    защищать цепь
    prove the system
    испытывать систему
    pull out of the spin
    выводить из штопора
    pull the aircraft out of
    брать штурвал на себя
    pull the control column back
    брать штурвал на себя
    pull the control stick back
    брать ручку управления на себя
    pull up the helicopter
    резко увеличивать подъемную силу вертолета
    puncture the tire
    прокалывать покрышку
    push the aircraft back
    буксировать воздушное судно хвостом вперед
    push the aircraft down
    снижать высоту полета воздушного судна
    push the control column
    отдавать штурвал от себя
    push the control stick
    отдавать ручку управления от себя
    put into the spin
    вводить в штопор
    put on the course
    выходить на заданный курс
    put the aircraft into production
    запускать воздушное судно в производство
    put the aircraft on the course
    выводить воздушное судно на заданный курс
    put the aircraft over
    переводить воздушное судно в горизонтальный полет
    raise the landing gear
    убирать шасси
    reach the altitude
    занимать заданную высоту
    reach the flight level
    занимать заданный эшелон полета
    reach the glide path
    входить в зону глиссады
    reach the speed
    достигать заданных оборотов
    reach the stalling angle
    выходить на критический угол
    read the drift angle
    отсчитывать угол сноса
    read the instruments
    считывать показания приборов
    receive the signal
    принимать сигнал
    record the readings
    регистрировать показания
    recover from the spin
    выходить из штопора
    recover from the turn
    выходить из разворота
    recovery from the manoeuvre
    выход из маневра
    recovery from the stall
    вывод из режима сваливания
    recovery from the turn
    выход из разворота
    rectify the compass
    устранять девиацию компаса
    reduce the hazard
    уменьшать опасность
    reestablish the track
    восстанавливать заданную линию пути
    regain the glide path
    возвращаться на глиссаду
    regain the speed
    восстанавливать скорость
    regain the track
    возвращаться на заданный курс
    register the aircraft
    регистрировать воздушное судно
    release the aircraft
    прекращать контроль воздушного судна
    release the landing gear
    снимать шасси с замков убранного положения
    release the landing gear lock
    снимать шасси с замка
    release the load
    сбрасывать груз
    release the uplock
    открывать замок убранного положения
    relocate the plane's trim
    восстанавливать балансировку самолета
    remedy the defect
    устранять дефект
    remedy the trouble
    устранять отказ
    remove the aircraft
    удалять воздушное судно
    remove the crack
    выбирать трещину
    remove the tangle
    распутывать
    render the certificate
    передавать сертификат
    renew the license
    возобновлять действие свидетельства или лицензии
    renew the rating
    возобновлять действие квалификационной отметки
    replan the flight
    измерять маршрут полета
    report reaching the altitude
    докладывать о занятии заданной высоты
    report reaching the flight level
    докладывать о занятии заданного эшелона полета
    report the heading
    сообщать курс
    reset the gyroscope
    восстанавливать гироскоп
    restart the engine in flight
    запускать двигатель в полете
    restore the system
    восстанавливать работу системы
    restrict the operations
    накладывать ограничения на полеты
    resume the flight
    возобновлять полет
    resume the journey
    возобновлять полет
    retain the lever
    фиксировать рукоятку
    retract the landing gear
    убирать шасси
    return the aircraft to service
    допускать воздушное судно к дальнейшей эксплуатации
    reverse the propeller
    переводить винт на отрицательную тягу
    roll in the aircraft
    вводить воздушное судно в крен
    roll into the turn
    входить в разворот
    roll left on the heading
    выходить на курс с левым разворотом
    roll on the aircraft
    выполнять этап пробега воздушного судна
    roll on the course
    выводить на заданный курс
    roll out of the turn
    выходить из разворота
    roll out on the heading
    выходить на заданный курс
    roll out the aircraft
    выводить воздушное судно из крена
    roll right on the heading
    выходить на курс с правым разворотом
    rotate the aircraft
    отрывать переднюю опору шасси воздушного судна
    rotate the bogie
    запрокидывать тележку
    rules of the air
    правила полетов
    run fluid through the system
    прогонять систему
    run off the runway
    выкатываться за пределы ВПП
    run out the landing gear
    выпускать шасси
    schedule the performances
    задавать характеристики
    seat the brush
    притирать щетку
    second freedom of the air
    вторая степень свободы воздуха
    secure the mishap site
    обеспечивать охрану места происшествия
    select the course
    выбирать курс
    select the flight route
    выбирать маршрут полета
    select the frequency
    выбирать частоту
    select the heading
    задавать курс
    select the mode
    выбирать режим
    select the track angle
    задавать путевой угол
    separate the aircraft
    эшелонировать воздушное судно
    serve out the service life
    вырабатывать срок службы
    set at the desired angle
    устанавливать на требуемый угол
    set the course
    устанавливать курс
    set the flaps at
    устанавливать закрылки
    set the heading
    устанавливать курс
    set the propeller pitch
    устанавливать шаг воздушного винта
    set the throttle lever
    устанавливать сектор газа
    set up the speed
    задавать определенную скорость
    shift the center-of-gravity
    смещать центровку
    shop out the skin
    вырубать обшивку
    simulate the instruments responses
    имитировать показания приборов
    slacken the cable
    ослаблять натяжение троса
    slave the gyroscope
    согласовывать гироскоп
    smooth on the heading
    плавно выводить на заданный курс
    smooth out the crack
    удалять трещину
    smooth out the dent
    выправлять вмятину
    smooth the signal
    сглаживать сигнал
    space the aircraft
    определять зону полета воздушного судна
    spin the gyro rotor
    раскручивать ротор гироскопа
    state instituting the investigation
    государство, назначающее расследование
    (авиационного происшествия) state submitting the report
    государство, представляющее отчет
    (об авиационном происшествии) steady airflow about the wing
    установившееся обтекание крыла воздушным потоком
    steer the aircraft
    управлять воздушным судном
    stop the crack propagation
    предотвращать развитие трещины
    stop the leakage
    устранять течь
    submit the flight plan
    представлять план полета
    substitute the aircraft
    заменять воздушное судно
    supervision approved by the State
    надзор, установленный государством
    supply the signal
    подавать сигнал
    swing the compass
    списывать девиацию компаса
    swing the door open
    открывать створку
    switch to the autopilot
    переходить на управление с помощью автопилота
    switch to the proper tank
    включать подачу топлива из бака с помощью электрического крана
    takeoff into the wind
    взлетать против ветра
    take off power to the shaft
    отбирать мощность на вал
    take over the control
    брать управление на себя
    take the bearing
    брать заданный пеленг
    take the energy from
    отбирать энергию
    take the readings
    считывать показания
    take the taxiway
    занимать рулежную дорожку
    take up the backlash
    устранять люфт
    take up the position
    выходить на заданную высоту
    tap air from the compressor
    отбирать воздух от компрессора
    terminate the agreement
    прекращать действие соглашения
    terminate the control
    прекращать диспетчерское обслуживание
    terminate the flight
    завершать полет
    test in the wind tunnel
    продувать в аэродинамической трубе
    test the system
    испытывать систему
    the aircraft under command
    управляемое воздушное судно
    the route to be flown
    намеченный маршрут полета
    the route to be followed
    установленный маршрут полета
    the runway is clear
    ВПП свободна
    the runway is not clear
    ВПП занята
    the search is terminated
    поиск прекращен
    through on the same flight
    транзитом тем же рейсом
    throughout the service life
    на протяжении всего срока службы
    tighten the turn
    уменьшать радиус разворота
    time in the air
    налет часов
    time the valves
    регулировать газораспределение
    titl of the gyro
    завал гироскопа
    to define the airspace
    определять границы воздушного пространства
    transfer the control
    передавать диспетчерское управление другому пункту
    transit to the climb speed
    переходить к скорости набора высоты
    trim the aircraft
    балансировать воздушное судно
    turn into the wind
    разворачивать против ветра
    turn off the system
    выключать систему
    turn on the system
    включать систему
    turn the proper tank on
    включать подачу топлива из бока с помощью механического крана
    unarm the system
    отключать состояние готовности системы
    uncage the gyroscope
    разарретировать гироскоп
    unfeather the propeller
    выводить воздушный винт из флюгерного положения
    unlatch the landing gear
    снимать шасси с замков
    unlatch the pitch stop
    снимать с упора шага
    (лопасти воздушного винта) unstall the aircraft
    выводить воздушное судно из сваливания на крыло
    unstick the aircraft
    отрывать воздушное судно от земли
    uplift the freight
    принимать груз на борт
    violate the law
    нарушать установленный порядок
    wander off the course
    сбиваться с курса
    warn the aircraft
    предупреждать воздушное судно
    wind the generator
    наматывать обмотку генератора
    with decrease in the altitude
    со снижением высоты
    withdraw from the agreement
    выходить из соглашения
    with increase in the altitude
    с набором высоты
    within the frame of
    в пределах
    within the range
    в заданном диапазоне
    withstand the load
    выдерживать нагрузку
    work on the aircraft
    выполнять работу на воздушном судне
    write down the readings
    фиксировать показания

    English-Russian aviation dictionary > the

  • 19 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 20 lie

    I 1. noun
    (a false statement made with the intention of deceiving: It would be a lie to say I knew, because I didn't.) løgn
    2. verb
    (to say etc something which is not true, with the intention of deceiving: There's no point in asking her - she'll just lie about it.) lyve
    II present participle - lying; verb
    1) (to be in or take a more or less flat position: She went into the bedroom and lay on the bed; The book was lying in the hall.) ligge
    2) (to be situated; to be in a particular place etc: The farm lay three miles from the sea; His interest lies in farming.) ligge
    3) (to remain in a certain state: The shop is lying empty now.) stå (tom)
    4) ((with in) (of feelings, impressions etc) to be caused by or contained in: His charm lies in his honesty.) ligge i, skyldes
    •
    - lie down
    - lie in
    - lie in wait for
    - lie in wait
    - lie low
    - lie with
    - take lying down
    ligge
    --------
    løgn
    I
    subst. \/laɪ\/
    løgn, usannhet
    • that's a lie!
    a pack of lies løgn fra ende til annen, bare løgn
    give somebody the lie beskylde noen for å lyve, kalle noen en løgner bevise at noen lyver, røpe noen
    hennes øyne talte et annet språk \/ hennes blikk røpet henne
    give the lie to something bevise at noe er galt, motsi noe
    live a lie leve på en løgn
    tell a lie eller tell lies lyve, snakke usant, fare med løgn
    II
    subst. \/laɪ\/
    1) leie, beliggenhet, retning
    2) tilstand, beskaffenhet, situasjon
    3) ( zoologi) leie, tilholdssted
    4) ( golf) leie (ballens posisjon)
    5) ( jernbane) lastespor
    6) ( kortspill) sits (måten kortene er fordelt på blant spillerne)
    improve lie ( golf) forbedre leie
    the lie of the country landets topografi
    the lie of the hair hårets fall, hvordan håret faller
    the lie of the land eller the lay of the land terrenget, lendet, landskapet ( overført) hvor landet ligger, hvordan situasjonen er
    III
    verb \/laɪ\/
    lyve
    lie oneself into something lyve seg til noe, lyve seg opp i noe
    lie to somebody lyve for noen
    lie to somebody's face lyve noen rett opp i ansiktet
    IV
    verb ( lay - lain) \/laɪ\/
    1) (om person, dyr eller ting) ligge
    2) ( overført) ligge
    3) ( om lik) ligge begravet, hvile
    4) strekke seg, ligge, være, befinne seg
    5) ( om vei e.l.) gå, lede, føre
    6) ( sjøfart) holde kursen, være i kurs
    7) ( om vannstand) stå
    8) ( jus) foreligge, kunne tas til følge, kunne opprettholdes
    here lies ( på gravstøtte) her hviler
    let something lie la noe være som det er, la noe være, la noe ligge
    lie about\/around ligge og slenge, ligge strødd, ligge rundt omkring
    ligge og dra seg, ligge og slappe av
    lie ahead ligge foran en
    lie along ( sjøfart) krenge
    lie at stå i, ligge i
    lie at anchor ligge for anker
    lie awake ligge våken
    lie back legge seg bakover, lene seg tilbake
    lie behind ligge bak, være årsaken til
    lie by ligge hos, ligge ved siden av ligge ubrukt, stå ubrukt, være ubrukt
    være ute av drift, ligge nede
    holde seg rolig, ligge stille, ligge og hvile ( sjøfart) ligge bi, ligge på været
    lie down legge seg, legge seg ned, legge seg for å hvile, hvile
    moren hennes fant seg (stilltiende) i fornærmelsen ta det rolig, ikke anstrenge seg noe videre
    ( ordre til hund e.l.) ligg!, dekk! ( militærvesen) kaste seg ned (for å søke dekning)
    lie heavy\/hard on hvile tungt på, ligge tungt på
    lie idle ( om maskin e.l.) stå stille
    lie in ligge i, bero på, komme av, skyldes
    avgjørelsen er i dine hender \/ det er din avgjørelse
    ligge lenge, sove lenge, bli i sengen ( gammeldags) ligge i barselseng, ligge for å føde
    lie in prison sitte i fengsel
    lie in state ligge på lit de parade
    lie low ligge nede, ligge i støvet, ligge flatt ( hverdagslig) holde seg unna, ligge i dekning (hverdagslig, overført) ligge lavt, gå stille i dørene, skjule sine hensikter
    lie off ( sjøfart) gå klar av, bære fri av ( slang) ligge unna, holde seg unna
    lie (up)on ligge på hvile på, komme an på, bero på
    lie over vente
    utsette(s), stille i bero, la ligge være ubetalt, ligge ubetalt ( sjøfart) ligge over, krenge (amer.) ligge natten over, sove over
    lie the course ( sjøfart) ligge på kursen, være i kurs, holde kursen
    lie to ligge under, være underkastet, være utsatt for, tynges av
    lie under ligge under, være underkastet, være utsatt for, tynges av
    lie under suspicion være mistenkt
    lie up legge seg, ligge til sengs, ligge ( sjøfart) legge opp ( overført) legge opp, trekke seg tilbake (amer. slang) ligge med (ei jente)
    lie with tilhøre, tilkomme, ligge på, ligge hos, påhvile, stå til
    (litt gammeldags, bibelsk) ligge hos, ligge med
    lie with someone to do something være noens sak å gjøre noe, påhvile noen å gjøre noe
    take something lying down finne seg i noe uten å mukke, gi seg uten videre

    English-Norwegian dictionary > lie

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